The surface charges of carbon dots have been tuned by adjusting the molar ratio of CA and EDA to achieve impressive nucleoli targeting with high selectivity. Here, CA and EDA, are used simultaneously to produce carbon dots with controlled surface charge under hydrothermal conditions. However, the influence of surface charge to nucleoli staining ability has not been reported. However, these results do not reveal the physical state of carbon dots around nucleoli, and a direct side-by-side comparison with a known nucleoli staining is needed to confirm nucleoli targeting ability.Ĭarbon dots made from citric acid (CA) and ethylenediamine (EDA) have also been studied for bioimaging. Carbon dots made from calcine of cow manure and modified with ethylenediamine (EDA) and from refluxing polyethylene glycol showed a tendency to stain nucleoli. The rich surface chemistry of carbon dots enables unlimited possibilities of selective staining. Given their nanometer sizes, carbon dots can easily penetrate cell membranes and nucleus pores, and access to sub-cellular organizations. Though desired, nucleoli selective staining is rare, and existing methods are limited by high cost, and laborious operations. ![]() Nucleoli is known for its critical roles in creation of ribosomes via ribosome biogenesis process, in assembly of signal recognition particles, and in cell’s responses to stress. Developing more targeted imaging probes would definitely enhance understanding to targeted delivery, and enrich bioimaging toolkits. Carbon dots made from citric acid and penicillamine can target Golgi body and those from β-alanine and zwitterionic ligand can target nucleuses. The area selective imaging of cellular organelles has been achieved in carbon dots. Organelle selective imaging can reveal structural and functional characters of cells undergoing external stimuli, and is considered critical in revealing biological fundamentals, designing targeted delivery system, and screening potential drugs and therapeutics. Membrane and cytoplasm imaging has been achieved with carbon dots made from a variety of carbon sources. The unique properties of nanoscale carbon dots such as small sizes, low toxicity, photo-stability, and rich surface chemistry make them ideal for molecular imaging. 2016Q46) to PL.Ĭompeting interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.Ĭarbon dots including nanodiamond discovered as by-products of nanotubes have shown great potentials in chemical, bio-sensing, nano-medicines, catalysis, and as active components in optical and optoelectronic devices. 1DP2EB016572) to MS, a Young Teacher Specific Project from Ningde Normal University (no. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.ĭata Availability: All relevant data are within the manuscript and its Supporting Information files.įunding: This project was supported by a Director’s New Innovator Award from National Institute of Health (no. Received: DecemAccepted: ApPublished: May 31, 2019Ĭopyright: © 2019 Zhu et al. PLoS ONE 14(5):Įditor: Kai Griebenow, University of Puerto Rico, Rio Piedras Campus, PUERTO RICO ![]() (2019) Surface charge controlled nucleoli selective staining with nanoscale carbon dots. Carbon dots with both negative and positive charges have better ability to penetrate cell and nucleus membranes, and the charge heterogeneity helps carbon dots to bind preferentially to nucleoli, where the electrostatic environment is favored.Ĭitation: Zhu Z, Li Q, Li P, Xun X, Zheng L, Ning D, et al. The nucleoli selective imaging of live cell has been confirmed with Hoechst staining and nucleoli specific staining (SYTO RNA-select green), and is explained as surface charge heterogeneity on carbon dots. All carbon dots samples show strong fluorescence under wide excitation wavelength, and samples with both negative and positve charges show strong fluorescent contrast from stained nucleoli. The surface charges of carbon dots are controlled in the range of -17.9 to -2.84 mV by changing the molar ratio of two precursors, citric acid (CA) and ethylenediamine (EDA). This paper describes the nucleoli targeting ability of nanoscale carbon dots (including nanodiamond) that are hydrothermally made with controlled surface charges.
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